Systems and methods for producing fluorocarbons

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for producing fluorocarbons are provided that include contacting a saturated halogenated fluorocarbon with hydrogen and catalyst to produce a saturated hydrofluorocarbon and an unsaturated fluorocarbon. Aspects of the present invention describe systems and methods for contacting saturated halogenated fluorocarbons such as CF 3 CClFCF 3  and/or CF 3 CCl 2 CF 3  with hydrogen and catalyst. Systems and methods of the present invention also describe contacting saturated halogenated fluorocarbons with catalysts having one or more of K, Zr, Na, Ni, Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Ti, and Pd. Aspects of the present invention also describe contacting saturated halogenated fluorocarbons with hydrogen under pressure. Saturated hydroflourocarbons and unsaturated fluorocarbons produced in accordance with the systems and methods of the present invention can include one or more of CF 3 CFHCF 3 , CF 3 CH 2 CF 3 , CF 3 CHClCF 3 , CF 3 CF═CF 2 , CF 3 CH═CF 2 , and CF 3 CCl═CF 2 .

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to the production of fluorocarbons. Aspects of the present invention relate to the production of saturated and unsaturated fluorocarbons.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Hydrofluorocarbons and fluoromonomers such as 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (CF₃CHFCF₃, HFC-227ea) and hexafluoropropene (CF₃CF═CF₂, FC-1216, HFP) are commercially desired.

HFP is widely employed as a monomer for the production of fluorine-containing polymers, for example, the thermoplastic FEP (“fluorinated-ethylene-propylene”) resins, formed via the copolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropene (see for example, Fluorine Chemistry: A Comprehensive Treatment, M. Howe-Grant, ed., Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1995, page 404).

HFC-227ea has found use as a blowing agent (U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,926; U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,196), refrigerant (Chen, J., Sci. Tech. Froid (1994), (2 CFCS, the Day After), 133-145), and propellant for use in metered dose inhalers (Clark, R., Aerosol. Sci. Technol., (1995) 22, 374-391). The compound has also found widespread use as a fire suppression agent, for example, the protection of telecommunication facilities where it is marketed under the tradename FM-200® (Great Lakes Chemical Corporation, Indianapolis, Ind.) (Robin, M. L., Process Safety Progress, Volume 19, No. 2 (Summer 2000), p. 107-111).

Numerous methods are disclosed in the prior art for the preparation of halogenated compounds. These methods vary widely, due in part to the different halogens and functional groups involved. The prior art demonstrates that known methods do not readily translate into predictable applications for other compounds.

Methods have been reported for the production of FC-1216. These processes include the thermal cracking of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) at reduced pressure and temperatures of 700C to 800C as well as the pyrolysis of polytetrafluoroethylene under vacuum at elevated temperatures can yield HFP.

Methods have been reported for the production of HFC-227ea. The vapor phase reaction between HFP and HF over an active carbon catalyst can produce HFC-227ea (GB 902,590). HFC-227ea has also been produced via the treatment of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (CF₃CH₂CF₃, HFC-236fa) with elemental fluorine (U.S. Pat. No. 5,780,691) and via the treatment of 2-chloro-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (CFC-217ba) with HF (WO 99/40053).

It is desired to develop new methods and systems for economically favorable production of HFP and HFC-227ea, and it would be desired for such methods and systems to have broad utility for the production of saturated and unsaturated fluorocarbons.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Systems for producing fluorocarbons are provided that include, in some aspects, a reactant stream comprising a saturated halogenated fluorocarbon, a reactor configured to bring the saturated halogenated fluorocarbon into reactive proximity with a catalyst that includes Cu and Pd, and a product stream comprising saturated and unsaturated fluorocarbons.

According to an aspect of the present invention, methods for preparing fluorinated compounds are described that include contacting a reactant mixture that includes a C-3 saturated halogenated fluorocarbon and hydrogen with a catalyst having Pd and one or both of Ni and Cu. Such forms a mixture that includes a C-3 saturated hydrofluorocarbon and a C-3 unsaturated fluorocarbon.

In an aspect of the present invention, methods are described for contacting CF₃CCl₂CF₃ with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to produce a mixture that includes one or more of CF₃CH₂CF₃, CF₃CHClCF₃, CF₃CH═CF₂, and CF₃CCl═CF₂.

Methods for preparing fluorinated compounds are also described that include contacting a reactant mixture comprising a C-3 saturated halogenated fluorocarbon and hydrogen with a catalyst having one or more of K, Zr, Na, Ni, Cu, W, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Ti, and Pd to form a mixture that includes a C-3 unsaturated fluorocarbon and at least about 35% C-3 saturated hydrofluorocarbon.

Aspects of the present invention also provide methods for producing fluorocarbons that include contacting a reactant mixture comprising CF₃CClFCF₃ and hydrogen with a catalyst system that includes about 9:1 Cu to Pd (weight ratio) and activated carbon.

Aspects of the present invention can also include contacting a reaction mixture comprising CF₃CClFCF₃ with a catalyst system that includes about 9:1 Cu to Pd (weight ratio) for about 9 to about 55 seconds at a pressure of about 1.0 kg/cm² to about 10 kg/cm² and at a temperature of about 220° C. to about 350° C. to form a mixture comprising CF₃CHFCF₃ and CF₃CF═CF₂.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the following accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1. is a diagram of an exemplary system for fluorocarbon production in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.

FIG. 2. is a diagram of an exemplary system for fluorocarbon production in accordance with another aspect of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

This disclosure of the invention is submitted in furtherance of the constitutional purposes of the U.S. Patent Laws “to promote the progress of science and useful arts” (Article 1, Section 8).

In one embodiment of the present invention, methods and systems are described for producing a co-stream of two products. Aspects of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.

FIG. 1 depicts a fluorination reaction system 1 that includes a reactor 3, saturated halogenated fluorocarbon reactant 5, hydrogenation reactant 7, and product 9. Examples of saturated halogenated fluorocarbon 5 that can be utilized in accordance of the present invention include those saturated halogenated fluorocarbons that are fully halogenated, as well as, those that are less than fully halogenated. According to an aspect of the present invention, saturated halogenated fluorocarbon 5 includes C-3 saturated halogenated fluorocarbons. Examples of saturated halogenated fluorocarbon include CF₃CClFCF₃ (CFC-217ba) and/or CF₃CCl₂CF₃ (CFC-216aa).

Hydrogenation reactant 7 can include hydrogen. An exemplary hydrogenation reactant 7 includes diatomic hydrogen.

Generally, saturated halogenated fluorocarbon reactant 5 and hydrogenation reactant 7 can together form all or part of a reactant mixture and/or a reactant stream. As depicted in FIG. 1, saturated halogenated fluorocarbon reactant 5 and hydrogenation reactant 7 are provided to reactor 3 via independent streams. The present invention should not be so limited. Saturated halogenated fluorocarbon reactant 5 and hydrogenation reactant 7 may be combined prior to being transferred to reactor 3 or may be provided to reactor 3 via separate streams as illustrated.

Saturated halogenated fluorocarbon 5 may also be combined with hydrogenation reactant 7 at particular mole ratios. An aspect of the present invention provides combining hydrogenation reactant 7 and saturated halogenated fluorocarbon 5 at a mole ratio of hydrogenation reactant 7 to saturated halogenated fluorocarbon 5 from about 1:1 to about 20:1. Exemplary mole ratios of hydrogenation reactant 7 to saturated halogenated fluorocarbon 5 also include about 2.5:1 to about 20:1, about 1:1 to about 15:1, about 2:1 to about 10:1, and/or about 1:1 to about 5:1.

Aspects of the present invention also provide for the addition of a diluent. FIG. 2 illustrates a system 20 for preparing fluorocarbons according to the present invention that includes saturated halogenated fluorocarbon reactant 5, hydrogenation reactant 7, and diluent 13. Examples of diluent 13 that can be used in accordance with the present invention include hydrogen, helium, and argon gases, as well as, compounds such as CF₃CFHCF₃ (HFC-227ea) and CF₃CH₂F (HFC-134a). Diluent 13 can be utilized in combination with hydrogenation reactant 7 and saturated halogenated fluorocarbon 5 at particular mole ratios. Examples of mole ratios useful in accordance with the present invention are diluent 13 to hydrogenation reactant 7 to saturated halogenated fluorocarbon reactant 5 ratios of from about 2:0.6:1 to about 15:5:1 and/or from about 3:1:1 to about 14:2.5:1.

Referring again to FIG. 1, the reactant mixture can be contacted with a catalyst 11 within a reactor 3. According to aspects of the present invention, reactor 3 is configured to bring the reactant mixture into reactive proximity with catalyst 11. Reactor 3 can include, but are not limited to, reactors such as those manufactured of Inconel® (INCO ALLOYS INTERNATIONAL, INC, Delaware) and configured to perform chemical reactions on a laboratory or industrial scale.

Catalyst 11 can comprise, consist essentially of, and/or consist of one or more catalyst precursors such as K, Zr, Na, Ni, W, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, Ti, and Pd. In particular aspects, catalyst 11 comprises, consists essentially of, and/or consists of Pd and one or both of Ni and Cu. Catalyst 11 may include Cu and Pd at a weight ratio of Cu to Pd of from about 3:1 to about 28:1, about 8:1 to about 28:1, and/or a weight ratio of Cu to Pd of about 9:1. Catalyst 11 can be in pure or supported form. Examples of supports that can be utilized in accordance with the present invention include activated carbon, aluminum oxide, and/or silica gel supports. An exemplary activated carbon support includes Tekeda® activated carbon (Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Higashi-ku, Osaka JAPAN).

Typically catalysts can be prepared according to accepted catalyst preparation techniques. Exemplary techniques include dissolving the selected catalyst precursor in a suitable solvent with or without support, removing solvent from the catalyst and/or support, and loading the reactor with the catalyst. Once in the reactor, the catalyst can be further prepared by heating the reactor and monitoring the evolution of solvent from the catalyst. The catalyst may be prepared and/or activated in the presence of gases such as hydrogen, helium, argon, and/or nitrogen.

The present invention also provides specific temperatures, pressures, and contact times within the reactor to facilitate the production of fluorocarbons. Systems and methods of the present invention also provide for contacting the reactant mixture with catalyst 11 within reactor 3 for specific amounts of time. This time is typically referred to as contact time and can be calculated from the flow rates of the reactants and the volume of the reactor containing catalyst. Exemplary contact times useful in accordance with the present invention can be from about 4 to about 75 seconds, from about 9 to about 55 seconds, from about 6 to about 30 seconds, and/or from about 10 to about 15 seconds.

In an exemplary aspect, the reaction temperature during contacting of catalyst 11 with the reaction mixture can be from about 100° C. to about 500° C., about 200° C. to about 400° C., about 220° C. to about 350° C. and/or about 220° C. to about 300° C.

Methods also provide for contacting the reactant mixture with catalyst 11 at pressures from about 1 kg/cm² to about 150 kg/cm², about 5 kg/cm² to about 10 kg/cm², or about 3 kg/cm² to about 8 kg/cm².

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, systems are depicted for producing a product mixture 9. Product mixture 9 can include saturated fluorocarbons such as hydrofluorocarbons and C-3 saturated hydrofluorocarbons. Exemplary components of product mixture 9 can include CF₃CFHCF₃ (HFC-227ea), CF₃CH₂CF₃ (HFC-236fa), and/or CF₃CHClCF₃ (CFC-226da). Product mixture 9 also includes an unsaturated fluorocarbon that can include C-3 unsaturated hydrofluorocarbons such as one or more of CF₃CF═CF₂ (HFP, FC-1215yc), CF₃CH═CF₂ (PFP, FC-1215zc), and/or CF₃CCl═CF₂ (CFC-1215xc). Exemplary aspects of the present invention include product mixtures that include CF₃CHFCF₃ (HFC-227ea) and CF₃CF═CF₂ (FC-1215yc). Other exemplary aspects of the present invention include product mixtures that include one or more of CF₃CH₂CF₃ (HFC-236fa), CF₃CHClCF₃ (CFC-226da), CF₃CH═CF₂ (FC-1215zc), and/or CF₃CCl═CF₂ (CFC-1215xc). Aspects of the present invention also provide product mixture 9 that can be at least about 35% saturated fluorocarbon.

Aspects of the present invention are further described with reference to the following non-limiting examples.

Catalyst Preparation

Catalysts utilized in the subsequent examples are prepared in accordance with the following methods.

Method A

The catalyst is prepared by weighing amounts of Takeda® activated carbon support and catalyst precursor into a beaker. Enough water, as a solvent, is added to cover the support and precursor and the mixture is stirred for approximately 15 minutes. The mixture is filtered under water aspirator pressure, and the catalyst is allowed to air dry. The catalyst is packed into the reactor and is heated at 150° C. under a N₂ stream until no water vapor is visibly apparent exiting the reactor. The heat is then increased to 200° C. until again no water vapor is visibly apparent exiting the reactor.

Method B

The catalyst is prepared by weighing amounts of Takedae activated carbon support and catalyst precursor into a beaker. Enough CH₂Cl₂, as a solvent, is added to cover the support and precursor, and the mixture is stirred for approximately 15 minutes. The mixture is filtered under water aspirator pressure and the catalyst is allowed to air dry. The catalyst is packed into the reactor and is heated at 150° C. under a N₂ stream until no vapor is visibly apparent exiting the reactor. The heat is then increased to 200° C. until no vapor is visibly apparent exiting the reactor.

Method C

The catalyst is prepared by weighing amounts of Takeda® activated carbon support and catalyst precursor into a beaker. Enough water, as a solvent, is added to cover the support and precursor and the mixture is stirred for approximately 15 minutes. Sufficient NaOH is added to make the mixture alkaline (pH>12). The mixture is then chilled in an ice bath to 10° C. NaBH₄ dissolved in NaOH is added drop-wise until reduction of the catalyst is achieved. The mixture is then heated to boiling until a dry catalyst remained. The catalyst mixture is then filtered and rinsed twice with water before being dried in vacuum oven for approximately 1.5 hours. The catalyst is then packed into a reactor and dried as in Method A.

Method D

The catalyst is prepared by weighing amounts of Takeda® activated carbon support and catalyst precursor into a beaker. Sufficient 5% (wt./wt.) HCl/water solution is added to the beaker to cover the support and precursor, and the mixture is heated to 100° C. for approximately 20 minutes. The mixture is then filtered, packed and dried as described in Method A.

Method E

The catalyst is prepared by weighing amounts of catalyst precursor into a beaker and covering with 5% (wt./wt.) HCl/water solution to form a mixture. The mixture is heated to 100° C. for approximately 20 minutes. To complete the catalyst, sufficient Takeda® activated carbon support to achieve the weight percent indicated is then added to the hot solution. The mixture is then hot filtered and dried as in Method A.

Method F

A catalyst of Cu, Pd, and support is prepared by weighing an amount of the catalyst precursor Cu into a beaker containing water. The solution is heated, and the percent Cu dissolved in the solution is then determined periodically until sufficient Cu is dissolved in the solution. Catalyst precursor Pd is weighed and placed in a beaker containing water. The solution is heated and the percent Pd dissolved in the solution is then determined periodically until sufficient Pd is dissolved in the solution. The Cu and Pd solutions are combined in a beaker to yield the desired ratios. Sufficient Takeda® activated carbon support is added and the solution stirred. The catalyst is air-dried and packed into the reactor and dried as described in Method A.

Method G

A catalyst of catalyst precursor is packed into the reactor. The reactor is heated to 350° C., and H₂ is passed over the catalyst at 126 cc/min for 16 hours.

Method H

A solution of 5% (wt./wt.) HCl and water is added to the catalyst precursor in a sufficient amount to wet the catalyst precursor. The wet catalyst is then dried under a N₂ stream overnight before being packed and dried as in Method A.

Method I

Catalyst is prepared as in Method E with the additional steps of reapplying the hot filtrate to the catalyst at least twice.

General Reaction Procedures

The reactor of examples 1-8 is a 36.20 cm long Inconel® tube with 1.27 cm outside diameter and a 33.0 cc volume. The reactor is mounted vertically in a Hoskins® (Hoskins Manufacturing Company Corporation. Hamburg, Mich.) electric furnace with a 30.5 cm heated zone controlled with a Watlow® (Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company, St. Louis, Mo.) series 956 temperature control unit. The reactor is equipped with internal and external thermocouples and a pressure gauge. Reactants are fed through calibrated Matheson® (Matheson Gas Products, Inc., Valley Forge, Pa.) flow meters and premixed before entering the heated zone.

Hydrogen is fed through a calibrated Hastings® (Teledyne Hastings Instruments, Teledyne Technologies, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.) mass flow controller model HFC-202c with model 400 Hastings® power supply. CFC-217ba is fed with calibrated Eldex® (Eldex Laboratories, Inc., Napa, Calif.) metering pumps models A-60-S or B-100-S. The reactants are premixed and heated in a vaporizer before entering the reactor. Pressure is controlled with a proportional valve, driver module, and a Watlow® series 956 control unit. The exit gases are scrubbed through water, passed over Drierite® (W.A. Hammond Drierite Co., Xenia, Ohio), and analyzed by gas chromatography using a Hewlett-Packard® (Hewlett-Packard Company, Palo Alto, Calif.) 5890 series II gas chromatograph equipped with a 30 m×0.32 mm ID silicaplot™ (Varian, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.) fused silica column and a flame ionization detector. Results are reported herein in area % of total area of response recorded by detector.

EXAMPLE 1 Potassium Catalysts

TABLE 1 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total 10% KCl A 200 11.5 6.4 19.3 46.4 37.2 83.6 10% KCl A 250 18.7 3.9 45.6 52.0 19.8 71.9 10% KCl A 300 14.5 3 63.9 13.7 57.1 70.8

TABLE 2 Catalyst Cat. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. Temp. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total 10% KF A 300 10.6 4.1 6.9 6.2 65.9 72.1 10% KF A 250 9.7 4.4 7.22 8.1 66.6 74.7 10% KF A 300 9.6 7.1 14.0 49.3 27.5 76.8 10% KF A 350 3.4 5.2 59.6 29.5 31.7 61.1 10% KF A 400 7.9 5.6 38.7 24.7 20.4 55.0

EXAMPLE 2 Zirconium Catalysts

TABLE 3 Catalyst Cat. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. Temp. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total 10% ZrCl₂ A 200 11.5 4.1 25.31 38.0 56.1 94.1 10% ZrCl₂ A 250 10.3 8.2 66.18 46.1 36.1 82.3 10% ZrCl₂ A 300 9.5 6.8 36.43 38.9 36.6 75.5 10% ZrCl₂ A 350 8.8 7.3 93.63 18.7 47.4 66.1

TABLE 4 Catalyst Cat. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. Temp. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total 10% ZrCl₄ B 200 12.3 12.7 22.95 27.8 21.0 48.8 10% ZrCl₄ B 250 11.3 15.4 41.42 46.0 25.3 71.3 10% ZrCl₄ B 300 10.5 22.6 76.96 29.9 35.5 65.5 10% ZrCl₄ B 350 9.2 11.4 95.19 18.5 44.2 62.7

TABLE 5 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total 10% CuZrCl₂ B 200 12.2 11.8 18.24 30.6 61.3 91.9 10% CuZrCl₂ B 250 11.1 11.6 40.41 59.8 28.7 88.5 10% CuZrCl₂ B 300 9.2 11.2 40.47 49.3 35.6 84.9 10% CuZrCl₂ B 350 9.4 13.3 37.6 46.6 36.9 83.5 10% CuZrCl₂ B 400 7.6 11.8 31.24 28.0 52.8 80.9 10% CuZrCl₂ B 500 7.6 14.7 31.84 4.0 32.0 36.1

EXAMPLE 3 Tungsten Catalysts

TABLE 6 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total 10% NaW A 200 12.1 10.3 23.1 44.5 40.3 84.7 10% NaW A 250 11 11.5 49.98 56.0 25.8 81.8 10% NaW A 300 10 10.1 95.19 40.2 27.0 87.2 10% NaW A 350 9.1 9.7 94.98 30.5 28.3 58.8

EXAMPLE 4 Support

TABLE 7 Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Catalyst Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total Activated A 250 10.9 9.5 23.5 52.5 37.9 90.4 Carbon Activated A 300 9.8 9 34.55 13.6 23.3 37.0 Carbon Activated A 350 8.8 6.9 55.85 42.5 30.2 72.6 Carbon Activated A 350 9.2 11 33.8 39.9 34.6 74.5 Carbon

EXAMPLE 5 Nickel Catalysts

TABLE 8 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total NiF₂ A 200 12.2 11.8 45.8 57.0 8.0 65.0 NiF₂ A 250 10.8 9.1 64.9 54.6 23.3 78.0 NiF₂ A 250 17.1 4.2 30.1 67.9 18.8 76.8

TABLE 9 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total 10% NiCl₂ C 200 11.8 7.9 67.0-3 44.3 43.7 87.9 10% NiCl₂ C 250 10.7 8.4 49.55 60.5 23.8 84.3 10% NiCl₂ C 300 10 10.6 81.11 57.6 23.4 81.0 10% NiCl₂ C 350 9.1 9.4 73.81 65.8 6.5 72.3 10% NiCl₂ C 350 9.3 12 57.52 61.1 20.5 81.6

TABLE 10 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total 10% NiF₂ D 200 6.4 9.9 96.86 34.5 62.1 96.6 10% NiF₂ D 250 7.8 2.5 92.9 48.6 27.9 76.5 10% NiF₂ D 250 5.5 10.2 79.46 65.0 22.9 87.9

TABLE 11 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total 10% Ni(O) A 250 5.3 7.4 99.12 24.6 67.6 92.2 10% Ni(O) A 250 7.2 5.8 98.19 29.6 49.7 79.4 10% Ni(O) A 250 12.6 4.8 98.74 22.6 60.3 82.9

TABLE 12 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total 10% Nickel B 200 11.7 7.4 60.73 51.9 38.9 90.8 acetylacetonate 10% Nickel B 250 10.8 9.3 69.64 57.8 21.1 78.8 acetylacetonate 10% Nickel B 300 10.1 5.5 97.33 55.1 20.3 75.4 acetylacetonate

TABLE 13 % Selectivity Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 HFC- Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP 227ea Total 10% B 200 12 9.3 72.85 45.4 41.0 86.4 Bis(tripheylphosphine) nickel (11) bromide 10% B 250 9.4 12.7 41.19 62.3 21.5 83.8 Bis(tripheytphosphine) nickel (11) bromide 10% B 300 9.8 8.8 78.12 43.2 28.6 71.8 Bis(tripheylphosphine) nickel (11) bromide

TABLE 14 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Cont.Time H₂/CFC-216 % % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio Conv. PFP HFC-236fa CFC-1215xc CFC-226da 10% NiCl₂ C 250 10.7 10.3 56.6 5.91 nd 22.3 60.6 10% NiCl₂ C 350 8.2 12.5 100 46.3 16.0 nd 2.6

EXAMPLE 6 Nickel/Palladium Catalysts

TABLE 15 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total NiF₂/Pd(O) (5% A 200 13.3 3.5 27.04 12.9 50.2 63.1 Ni/0.5% Pd) NiF₂/Pd(O) (5% A 250 11 10.7 82.65 12.6 70.7 83.3 Ni/0.5% Pd) NiF₂/Pd(O) (5% A 300 8.9 8.9 81.99 2.1 79.9 82.0 Ni/0.5% Pd)

TABLE 16 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total NiF₂/PdCl₂ A 200 11.6 7.1 87.3 1.0 82.8 83.8 (1.12% Ni/0.24% Pd) NiF₂/PdCl₂ A 250 10.8 9.4 72.48 7.1 74.3 81.4 (1.12% Ni/0.24% Pd) NiF₂/PdCl₂ A 350 7.6 8.4 97.22 54.8 33.8 88.5 (1.12% Ni/0.24% Pd) NiF₂/PdCl₂ A 350 9.1 9.6 76.1 43.1 41.2 84.4 (1.12% Ni/0.24% Pd)

EXAMPLE 7 Copper Catalyst

TABLE 17 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total 10% CuCl A 200 11 5.0 34.27 40.0 55.7 95.6 10% CuCl A 250 8.3 2.2 39.63 57.3 37.2 94.5

TABLE 18 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total 10% CuF₂ D 200 6.6 9.3 26.34 41.8 43.1 84.9 10% CuF₂ D 250 5.8 6.6 56.18 14.0 77.8 91.8 10% CuF₂ D 300 5.3 7 90.72 47.5 46.6 94.1 10% CuF₂ D 300 5 7.5 31.48 71.8 24.6 96.4 10% CuF₂ D 300 5.1 8.5 58.09 60.5 36.4 96.9

EXAMPLE 8 Copper/Palladium Catalysts

TABLE 19 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total CuF₂/PdCl₂(5.51% A 250 10.2 12.8 49.86 28.9 69.4 98.3 Cu/0.42% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(5.51% A 250 10.2 12.8 94.98 30.2 68.6 98.8 Cu/0.42% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(5.51% A 250 14 13/4 97.3 33.0 66.0 99.0 Cu/0.42% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(5.51% A 250 12.9 6.2 69.05 29.5 69.2 98.6 Cu/0.42% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(5.51% A 300 11.1 4.4 94.94 33.2 64.9 98.1 Cu/0.42% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(5.51% A 300 8.2 5.4 92.8 38.7 59.8 98.5 Cu/0.42% Pd)

TABLE 20 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total CuF₂/PdCl₂(11.01% A 200 10.4 7.4 42.1 35.6 62.0 97.6 Cu/0.65% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(11.01% A 250 10.9 6.8 96.23 38.9 59.2 98.2 Cu/0.65% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(11.01% A 250 9.5 8.6 98.37 37.0 61.8 98.8 Cu/0.65% Pd)

TABLE 21 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total CuF₂/PdCl₂(5.51% A 200 11.8 8 73.36 22.4 72.1 94.6 Cu/0.65% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(5.51% A 250 11.8 8 97.79 35.0 63.7 98.6 Cu/0.65% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(5.51% A 250 12 9.4 97.3 40.61 58.03 98.6 Cu/0.65% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(5.51% A 250 12 9.2 98.23 41.4 57.5 98.9 Cu/0.65% Pd)

TABLE 22 % Selectivity Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 HFC- Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP 227ea Total CuF₂/PdCl₂(5.51% D 250 11.4 6 99.24 32.5 64.6 97.1 Cu/0.675% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(5.51% D 250 11.4 13.9 93.42 33.6 65.8 99.4 Cu/0.675% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(5.51% D 250 12.5 15.1 99.23 33.1 47.3 30.4 Cu/0.675% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(5.51% D 250 6.19 7.8 33.13 31.8 63.0 94.8 Cu/0.675% Pd)

TABLE 23 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% H 230 9.5 6 93.27 40.7 58.0 98.7 Cu/0.6% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% H 230 9.5 6 90.04 43.9 55.0 98.8 Cu/0.6% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% H 230 9.6 4.5 68.24 41.3 57.8 99.1 Cu/0.6% Pd)

TABLE 24 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% F 200 15.1 15.5 98.98 30.4 68.1 98.4 Cu/0.6% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% F 250 15.1 15.5 30.63 30.63 68.0 98.6 Cu/0.6% Pd)

TABLE 25 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% F 275 9.5 4.4 94.38 43.8 49.0 92.9 Cu/0.9% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% F 275 9.9 5.7 95.46 50.8 42.6 93.4 Cu/0.9% Pd)

TABLE 26 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total CuCl₂/PdCl₂(2.0% A 200 27.8 5.3 97.66 0.9 76.2 77.1 Cu/0.6% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(2.0% A 150 27.8 5.3 71.06 1.3 75.1 76.4 Cu/0.6% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(2.0% A 100 27.8 5.3 34.54 2.8 69.7 72.4 Cu/0.6% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(2.0% A 250 27.8 5.3 83.37 8.4 75.4 83.8 Cu/0.6% Pd)

TABLE 27 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% C 200 9 5.2 53.58 29.3 69.4 98.7 Cu/0.6% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% C 250 9.3 6.2 39.48 45.9 52.9 98.8 Cu/0.6% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% C 230 9.7 3.6 72.3 44.4 54.6 99.0 Cu/0.6% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% C 230 16 4.7 75.81 46.8 52.2 99.0 Cu/0.6% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% C 230 21.8 3 30.54 36.1 62.9 99.0 Cu/0.6% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% C 230 35.4 1.2 88.17 26.71 71.21 97.9 Cu/0.6% Pd)

TABLE 28 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total CuF₂/PdCl₂(12.5% I 250 8.9 6.8 91.67 35.4 63.5 98.9 Cu/1.4% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(12.5% I 275 9.9 6.7 98.56 43.0 55.7 98.8 Cu/1.4% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(12.5% I 300 5.1 9.5 97.46 50.7 48.2 98.9 Cu/1.4% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(12.5% I 350 5 6.4 99.53 51.0 45.7 96.7 Cu/1.4% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(12.5% I 350 4 5.7 98.59 53.6 43.4 97.0 Cu/1.4% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(12.5% I 350 3 5.8 95.34 54.0 44.3 98.2 Cu/1.4% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(12.5% I 350 2 5.8 86.29 52.6 45.6 98.2 Cu/1.4% Pd)

TABLE 29 Catalyst Cat. Temp Cont. Time H₂/CFC-216 % % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio Conv. PFP HFC-236fa CFC-1215xc CFC-226da CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% C 100 11 11.8 99.9 38.6 28.6 28.6 nd Cu/0.2% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% C 125 8.6 8.1 91.6 26.0 16.4 19.2 34.9 Cu/0.2% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% C 150 11.8 8.1 97.0 46.5 11.2 18.6 21.3 Cu/0.2% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% C 175 11.8 8.1 98.5 58.2 6.7 20.3 12.8 Cu/0.2% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% C 200 8.6 13 100 58.3 7.3 19.0  8.5 Cu/0.2% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% C 270 6.8 12.2 100 27.7 12.4 36.4 20.2 Cu/0.2% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% C 380 14.4 7.7 100 84.8 8.8 1.7 nd Cu/0.2% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% C 380 14.4 7.7 100 84.4 8.5 2.5 nd Cu/0.2% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% C 400 7.5 10.4 100 60.0 3.2 28.3 nd Cu/0.2% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5.5% C 500 7.5 10.4 100 67.9 2.3 11.2 nd Cu/0.2% Pd)

EXAMPLE 9 Zinc Catalysts

TABLE 30 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total 20% ZnCl₂ A 300 12.8 6.4 100 46.46 46.46 92.92 20% ZnCl₂ A 300 12.46 5.33 99.39 42.58 50.26 92.84 20% ZnCl₂ A 300 12.33 4.57 74.38 39.54 51.64 91.18 20% ZnCl₂ A 450 18.54 4 84.06 48.26 40.63 88.89 20% ZnCl₂ A 450 14.37 5.5 83.83 24.11 55.02 79.13

EXAMPLE 10 Iron Catalysts

TABLE 31 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total 10% FeCl₃ A 500 5.87 3.62 81.06 41.65 45.11 86.76 10% FeCl₃ A 500 8.57 4.12 73.28 20.51 61.16 81.67 10% FeCl₃ A 500 7.67 10.5 93.39 40.44 42.23 82.67

EXAMPLE 11 Manganese Catalysts

TABLE 32 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total 19% MnCl₂ A 400 24.69 4.33 63.6 10.22 59.42 69.64 19% MnCl₂ A 450 22.21 3 24.99 5.16 62.1 67.26 19% MnCl₂ A 500 16.24 9.5 60.29 6.63 62.26 68.89

EXAMPLE 12 Cobalt Catalysts

TABLE 33 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total 20% CoCl₂ A 400 24.14 4.33 36.26 9.16 63.38 72.54 20% CoCl₂ A 500 16.69 9.5 99.05 38.99 34 72.99 20% CoCl₂ A 500 16.59 9.5 99.66 29.22 33.23 62.45 20% CoCl₂ A 500 14.36 3.8 69.14 10.67 69.51 80.18

EXAMPLE 13 Titanium Catalysts

TABLE 34 Catalyst Cat. Temp Contact Time H₂/CFC-217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (° C.) (sec) Mole Ratio % Conversion HFP HFC-227 Total 20% B 200 12.12 4.22 2.66 17.67 6.39 24.06 bis(cyclopentadienyl) titanium dichloride 20% B 300 12.34 4.57 12.54 38.52 38.52 77.04 bis(cyclopentadienyl) titanium dichloride 20% B 400 24.25 4.33 42.72 17.09 38.95 56.04 bis(cyclopentadienyl) titanium dichloride 20% B 450 21.71 2.4 30.28 13.97 50.56 64.53 bis(cyclopentadienyl) titanium dichloride 20% B 500 16.39 9.5 98.21 14.8 53.99 38.79 bis(cyclopentadienyl) titanium dichloride 20% B 500 16.34 9.5 91.48 30.05 34.9 64.95 bis(cyclopentadienyl) titanium dichloride

EXAMPLE 14 Reaction Pressure

TABLE 35 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Pressure Contact H₂/217 Mole % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (C) (kg/cm²) Time (sec) Ratio Conv. % HFP HFC-227 Total CuF₂/PdCl₂(11.01% I 250 1 9.5 8.6 98.4 37.0 61.8 98.8 Cu/0.65% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(12.5% I 275 1 10.4 6.7 97.8 40.1 58.9 99.0 Cu/1.4% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(12.5% I 300 1 9.9 6.7 99.9 46.7 50.4 97.1 Cu/1.4% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(12.5% I 350 1 3 5.8 95.3 54.0 44.3 98.2 Cu/1.4% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(5.5% I 250 1 8.9 5.3 91.3 36.2 59.7 95.9 Cu/0.9% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(5.5% I 300 1 9.1 4.2 91.5 50.0 44.9 94.9 Cu/0.9% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(5.5% I 300 8 9.8 7.2 74.5 21.8 75.0 96.8 Cu/0.9% Pd) CuF₂/PdCl₂(5% I 350 8 3.8 4.9 42.6 28.0 70.5 98.4 Cu/0.6% Pd)

EXAMPLE 15 With Diluent

TABLE 36 Catalyst Cat. Temp. Pressure Contact Diluent:H₂:217 % Selectivity Precursor Prep. (C) (kg/cm²) Time (sec) Diluent Mole Ratio Conv. % HFP 227 Total CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5% C 350 8.9 5.1 He   6:1:1.1:1 59.3 32.8 63.7 96.5 Cu/0.6% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5% C 350 6.1 16.7 He 2.3:0.38:1 56.7 26.4 68.5 94.9 Cu/0.6% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5% C 350 6.1 13.1 HFC-134 9.8:1.9:1 90.8 35.7 62.3 98 Cu/0.6% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5% C 350 6.4 10.8 HFC-227ea  14:2.5:1 99.3 19.2 78.5 97.7 Cu/0.6% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5% C 350 1 9.8 HFC-227ea 5.3:0.4:1 67.2 40.7 58.4 99.1 Cu/0.6% Pd) CuCl₂/PdCl₂(5% C 350 1 9.3 HFC-227ea 4.4:1.9:1 50.8 42.9 55.7 98.5 Cu/0.6% Pd)

In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown and described, since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents. 

1. A system for producing fluorocarbons comprising: a reactant stream comprising a saturated halogenated fluorocarbon and hydrogen; a reactor configured to bring the saturated halogenated fluorocarbon into reactive proximity with a catalyst, wherein the catalyst comprises Cu and Pd; and a product stream comprising saturated and unsaturated fluorocarbons.
 2. The system of claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of Cu to Pd is about 9:1.
 3. The system of claim 1 wherein the saturated halogenated fluorocarbon comprises CF₃CClFCF₃.
 4. The system of claim 1 wherein the saturated halogenated fluorocarbon comprises CF₃CCl₂CF₃.
 5. The system of claim 1 wherein the saturated fluorocarbon comprises one or more of CF₃CFHCF₃, CF₃CH₂CF₃, and CF₃CHClCF₃.
 6. The system of claim 1 wherein the unsaturated fluorocarbon comprises one or more of CF₃CF═CF₂, CF₃CH═CF₂, and CF₃CCl═CF₂. 7-83. (canceled) 